CVE-2023-39418
LOWDescription
A vulnerability was found in PostgreSQL with the use of the MERGE command, which fails to test new rows against row security policies defined for UPDATE and SELECT. If UPDATE and SELECT policies forbid some rows that INSERT policies do not forbid, a user could store such rows.
How to fix
This vulnerability affects an unusually large number of packages. The highest-confidence fixes are shown above; the full list is longer. Check the referenced advisories for complete coverage.
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Remediation is compiled from vendor and distribution security advisories. Always confirm against the linked source for your exact version and platform.
CVSS v3 Vector
Exploitability
Impact
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Exploit Intelligence
Moderate risk: more likely to be exploited than 63% of all known CVEs.
References
Related Vulnerabilities
Other CWE-1220 vulnerabilities, ordered by exploit likelihood. View all
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | EPSS | Exploited | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2025-31201 | Critical | 9.8 | 14% | KEV | Fix |
| CVE-2026-33825 | High | 7.8 | 6.7% | KEV + Ransom | Fix |
| CVE-2024-42365 | High | 7.4 | 4.7% | - | Fix |
| CVE-2026-39363 | High | 7.5 | 3.4% | - | Fix |
| CVE-2023-43040 | Medium | 6.5 | 2.5% | - | Fix |
| CVE-2025-4404 | Critical | 9.1 | 2.0% | - | Fix |
Common questions
How do I fix CVE-2023-39418?
Published advisories record a fix for 111 affected products. The "How to fix" section on this page lists the fixed version and source advisory for each one, so apply the entry matching what you actually run.
Is CVE-2023-39418 being actively exploited?
Not that we know of. CVE-2023-39418 is not in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. Its EPSS score of 1.1% is the estimated probability that it will be exploited in the next 30 days. That is higher than 63% of all scored CVEs.
How severe is CVE-2023-39418?
CVE-2023-39418 has a CVSS v3 base score of 3.1, rated low. CVSS rates the technical impact if the vulnerability is exploited, not how likely that is, so weigh it alongside the exploit-prediction score when you decide what to patch first.
What does CVE-2023-39418 affect?
Published advisories record a fix for postgresql15 (Amazon), postgresql15-contrib (Amazon), postgresql15-contrib-debuginfo (Amazon), postgresql15-debuginfo (Amazon), and 107 more. Only products with a sourced advisory are listed, so treat this as what we can cite rather than a complete inventory.
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This product uses NVD data but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. EPSS scores courtesy of FIRST.org (https://www.first.org/epss). Source: CISA KEV Catalog. Data as of 2026-06-17.